Sputum tests
A sputum specimen is examined under a microscope and, depending on the patient’s condition, sometimes cultured. Culture and sensitivity testing identifies a specific microorganism, and which antibiotic it is sensitive to. A negative culture does not always rule out infection, as it may be that an infection is viral in nature. Sputum can be obtained in three ways: 1. Expectoration 2. Tracheal suctioning 3. Bronchoscopy
Nursing considerations for obtaining sputum sample
• Explain to the patient why the test is being performed • Encourage the patient to produce the sputum sample in the morning when sputum production is greatest • To prevent contamination of the sample, ask the patient not to eat, clean his teeth or use a mouthwash before expectorating • When the patient is ready to expectorate, encourage him to take three deep breaths and force a deep cough • If the patient has difficulties expectorating, nebulized saline may be given which loosens the sputum. • Alternatively, a physiotherapist may be required to assist the patient to expectorate • A sterile specimen pot should be used to transport the sample • Before sending the sample, ensure that the specimen is sputum, not saliva. • Saliva has a thinner consistency and more froth or bubbles than sputum • Include on the laboratory request slip the patients details, date and time of specimen, the original diagnosis, any medication the patient may be taking, and any known drug allergies • The sample should be sent to the laboratory as soon after it is collected as possible. .